Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), commonly referred to as lung fibrosis, encompasses a group of disorders that cause scarring and inflammation in the lung’s interstitial tissue, the area surrounding the air sacs. This scarring thickens the lung tissue, making it harder for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. Causes include long-term exposure to harmful substances like asbestos, coal dust, or mold spores, as well as autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma. In some cases, the cause remains unknown, referred to as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
The effects of bronchiectasis include chronic coughing with mucus, shortness of breath, fatigue, and recurrent chest infections. Over time, these symptoms can lead to lung function decline, reduced physical capacity, and complications like respiratory failure. Persistent infections may also strain the heart and reduce oxygen levels in the body.
COPD causes breathing difficulties, chronic coughing, and excessive mucus production. Emphysema damages the alveoli, reducing oxygen exchange, while chronic bronchiectasis leads to airway widening and frequent infections. These conditions worsen over time, making physical activity more difficult and increasing the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease, and lung failure. Symptoms like breathlessness and fatigue can significantly impact daily life.
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, clearing mucus, and preventing infections. Chest physiotherapy, inhaled medications, and antibiotics are commonly used to improve lung function and control infections. In severe cases, surgery to remove damaged lung tissue or advanced therapies may be needed. With consistent care, many patients can manage the condition and maintain a good quality of life.